The Holy Qur'an

Exegesis of Māliki Yawmid-Dīn

Thus, the verse means that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of reward and punishment; He is the Master of the time of [the promulgation of] theSharīah;He is the Master of the time of Judgement; He is the Master of the age of religion; He is the Master of the age of virtue; He is the Master of the times of sin; He is the Master of the time of reckoning; He is the Master of the time of obedience; He is the Master of the time of victory and He is 

the Master of special and important conditions. 

Usually, this [verse] is taken to mean the Master of the Day of Resurrection. However, as is evident from the lexicons, these are only explanatory meanings, and not literal. One meaning ofdīnis reward and punishment. As the perfect manifestation of reward and punishment will take place on the Day of Resurrection, the Qur’anic commentators have, on the basis of the meaning of reward and punishment, interpreted this verse to mean ‘The Master of the Day of Resurrection’, even though, according to the dictionaries, this verse has various meanings and all are correct and in accord with Qur’anic meanings. Thus, there is no reason to accept one meaning and reject the others.

As mentioned above, the Qur’anic commentators interpret this [verse] to mean that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of reward and punishment. On the basis of these meanings, one explanation of this verse will be that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the Day of Resurrection. That is to say that, on that day, no one else will be authorised to reward or punish, but, rather, Allah the Almighty alone will reward and punish. In this way, the difference between the outcomes of this world and those of the next is spelled out – that is, in this world, reward and punishment for one’s deeds can also be meted out by man, but and it is possible for them to make mistakes. However, on the Day of Resurrection, Allah the Almighty alone will reward and punish and it will be impossible for anyone to be treated unjustly or for an innocent person to be [unjustly] punished or to be issued a punishment out of proportion of his or her crime. Likewise, it will be impossible for an offender to escape from punishment by resorting to lies and deception. 

Moreover, it has also been indicated here that during the time of reward and punishment, Allah the Almighty will not only act as amalik[king] but also as amālik[master]. When a malik i.e. a king renders judgement, his duty is to ensure justice is carried out, because the facts upon which he makes his verdict are related to the rights of the plaintiff and the defendant. Therefore, he does not have the jurisdiction to forgive anybody; however, since Allah the Exalted is not only the King but is also the Master, He has the right to forgive as much as He likes. On the one hand, an important aspect of hope has been given and saved people from despair. On the other hand, they have also been warned that the thought of taking unfair advantage of God’s mercy should not enter their hearts. For if He, in the capacity of beingmālik,can be Merciful, then He also cannot tolerate that His creation be impious. Thus, by arousing equally the feelings of hope and fear, an effort has been made for man to remain mindful and possess a firm resolve. This teaching is in contrast to the Christian concept of salvation. On the one hand they present an incorrect concept of justice, which kills all sense of hope. While on the other hand, by proposing the doctrine of atonement, they have made people unashamed to commit sin. In other words, both aspects of Christian belief have supported immorality as opposed to piety. Extreme despair and extreme hope both lead to sin. Some people, having lost hope in piety, will stop doing good, while others, trusting in atonement will become emboldened in committing sin.

The other meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of the shariah [Islamic law]and religion. Here, a very subtle theme is mentioned with regards to the law of nature. Usually, Allah the Almighty treats the world in accordance with the general law of nature. However, at the time when the foundation of the religion or the shariahis to be laid down, Allah the Almighty manifests the attribute of mālikiyyah[ownership]. In other words, not only is God’s sovereignty, which is connected with the general law [of nature], manifested, but His attribute of mālikiyyahis also particularly manifested at this time. That is to say, that Allah the Almighty acts with special and extraordinary power, and  it would seem to those people who are ignorant of the subtleties of Allah’s divine qualitythat they are witnessing the laws of nature  being broken. A poor and helpless person makes a claim in front of the world, and everyone opposes him. And yet, despite having noworldly resources, that person is successful. Likewise, there are many more similar instances where, through prayers and miracles, events happenwhich are witnessed by the world and which leave it bewildered. In fact, the very wisdom behind these events is that at the time when Allah the Almighty sets in motion any spiritual system, or lays down the foundation of any shariah, He especially manifests, not His attribute of Kingship, but that of His being the Master. That is to say, instead of His natural law, He begins to manifest His special law, which operates exclusively for the benefit of those whom He loves. And thus such events take place during this time that seem to be miraculous. In the time of every prophet, Allah has steadily manifested this to be His practice. And this sūrah[chapter] declares that the same thing  will  happen during the time of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his followers. Through extraordinary events, which seem to violate the law of nature, Allah the Almighty will help the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be on him and his followers. And thus this will be proof that this is the age of the establishment of the shariah, and that the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his followers, is the true Messenger of Allah the Almighty.

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time when good actions are performed, and of the time when sin is committed. Here, it is indicated that the world goes through two phases, one period in which both goodness and sin are found equally in the world. During this period, God Almighty’s natural law applies to the world. However, a time comes when sin and only sin become prevalent. At that time, Allah the Almighty manifests Himself as the Master, and tends to His garden and raises a prophet through whom a nation comes into being which becomes so righteous that it can be said of them that it is as if all of them are virtuous. At that time too, Allah the Almighty continues to help this nation through His special decree, till the time comes when their standard [of virtue] lowers and they become equally inclined towards both virtue and sinfulness. At this stage, God Almighty withdraws His special decree and begins to treat them in accordance with His natural law, until the time comes when the nation becomes utterly depraved. Then, again, Allah the Almighty, in accordance with His Practice, manifests His attribute of being the Master. Again a prophet is raised; again, sin is uprooted; again, a virtuous nation is created. And during all this time, the special decree, i.e., the power pertaining to His being the Master and His special intervention continue to be manifested until the time when that nation too falls from the highest degree of morality and the first cycle begins again. 

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of obedience, i.e., that very special law, which has been mentioned above and which applies to nations, Allah the Almighty applies to specific individuals as well. That is, if a person continues to spend his life in complete obedience to Allah the Almighty, then for him, too, He manifests His special power, and that person is not like ordinary people. Rather, Allah the Almighty manifests His special Power for his sake. 

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of important situations. Here, it is indicated that every action in the world resembles a chain, in that it is not isolatedbut rather has several links [as in a chain]. When a person becomes sick, his or her illness is not the result of some mistake made on that [specific] day; likewise, if one is healthy, it is not because he exercised or ate well that [specific] day.  Thus, man’s actions produce two kinds of results: one kind of result is temporary and transitory, and the other kind is final and permanent. A careless person misuses his eyes, and they become sore. However, they are cured through treatment. Yet again he is careless, his eyes again become sore, and again he is treated and cured. Finally, one day, he loses his eyesight and medical treatment turns out to be useless. [Another such example is of] a hardworking student who revises his lesson for the following day, which pleases his teacher. The next day he again reviews his lesson and thus his teacher is pleased once again. These results directly follow his actions. In addition, his hard work will have a  positive effect on his mind and in addition to the knowledge he has acquired from books, he will have developed, through [the process of] memorizing his lessons,  an intelligence, and an ability tounderstand subtle distinctions in knowledge. This will, one day, make him someone that the world turns to and praises.These final effects come about in such a subtle way that even one’s acquaintances and friends do not notice it and cannot understand their cause.

The other meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of the shariah [Islamic law]and religion. Here, a very subtle theme is mentioned with regards to the law of nature. Usually, Allah the Almighty treats the world in accordance with the general law of nature. However, at the time when the foundation of the religion or the shariahis to be laid down, Allah the Almighty manifests the attribute of mālikiyyah[ownership]. In other words, not only is God’s sovereignty, which is connected with the general law [of nature], manifested, but His attribute of mālikiyyahis also particularly manifested at this time. That is to say, that Allah the Almighty acts with special and extraordinary power, and  it would seem to those people who are ignorant of the subtleties of Allah’s divine qualitythat they are witnessing the laws of nature  being broken. A poor and helpless person makes a claim in front of the world, and everyone opposes him. And yet, despite having noworldly resources, that person is successful. Likewise, there are many more similar instances where, through prayers and miracles, events happenwhich are witnessed by the world and which leave it bewildered. In fact, the very wisdom behind these events is that at the time when Allah the Almighty sets in motion any spiritual system, or lays down the foundation of any shariah, He especially manifests, not His attribute of Kingship, but that of His being the Master. That is to say, instead of His natural law, He begins to manifest His special law, which operates exclusively for the benefit of those whom He loves. And thus such events take place during this time that seem to be miraculous. In the time of every prophet, Allah has steadily manifested this to be His practice. And this sūrah[chapter] declares that the same thing  will  happen during the time of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his followers. Through extraordinary events, which seem to violate the law of nature, Allah the Almighty will help the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be on him and his followers. And thus this will be proof that this is the age of the establishment of the shariah, and that the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his followers, is the true Messenger of Allah the Almighty.

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time when good actions are performed, and of the time when sin is committed. Here, it is indicated that the world goes through two phases, one period in which both goodness and sin are found equally in the world. During this period, God Almighty’s natural law applies to the world. However, a time comes when sin and only sin become prevalent. At that time, Allah the Almighty manifests Himself as the Master, and tends to His garden and raises a prophet through whom a nation comes into being which becomes so righteous that it can be said of them that it is as if all of them are virtuous. At that time too, Allah the Almighty continues to help this nation through His special decree, till the time comes when their standard [of virtue] lowers and they become equally inclined towards both virtue and sinfulness. At this stage, God Almighty withdraws His special decree and begins to treat them in accordance with His natural law, until the time comes when the nation becomes utterly depraved. Then, again, Allah the Almighty, in accordance with His Practice, manifests His attribute of being the Master. Again a prophet is raised; again, sin is uprooted; again, a virtuous nation is created. And during all this time, the special decree, i.e., the power pertaining to His being the Master and His special intervention continue to be manifested until the time when that nation too falls from the highest degree of morality and the first cycle begins again. 

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of obedience, i.e., that very special law, which has been mentioned above and which applies to nations, Allah the Almighty applies to specific individuals as well. That is, if a person continues to spend his life in complete obedience to Allah the Almighty, then for him, too, He manifests His special power, and that person is not like ordinary people. Rather, Allah the Almighty manifests His special Power for his sake. 

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of important situations. Here, it is indicated that every action in the world resembles a chain, in that it is not isolatedbut rather has several links [as in a chain]. When a person becomes sick, his or her illness is not the result of some mistake made on that [specific] day; likewise, if one is healthy, it is not because he exercised or ate well that [specific] day.  Thus, man’s actions produce two kinds of results: one kind of result is temporary and transitory, and the other kind is final and permanent. A careless person misuses his eyes, and they become sore. However, they are cured through treatment. Yet again he is careless, his eyes again become sore, and again he is treated and cured. Finally, one day, he loses his eyesight and medical treatment turns out to be useless. [Another such example is of] a hardworking student who revises his lesson for the following day, which pleases his teacher. The next day he again reviews his lesson and thus his teacher is pleased once again. These results directly follow his actions. In addition, his hard work will have a  positive effect on his mind and in addition to the knowledge he has acquired from books, he will have developed, through [the process of] memorizing his lessons,  an intelligence, and an ability tounderstand subtle distinctions in knowledge. This will, one day, make him someone that the world turns to and praises.These final effects come about in such a subtle way that even one’s acquaintances and friends do not notice it and cannot understand their cause.

The other meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of the shariah [Islamic law]and religion. Here, a very subtle theme is mentioned with regards to the law of nature. Usually, Allah the Almighty treats the world in accordance with the general law of nature. However, at the time when the foundation of the religion or the shariahis to be laid down, Allah the Almighty manifests the attribute of mālikiyyah[ownership]. In other words, not only is God’s sovereignty, which is connected with the general law [of nature], manifested, but His attribute of mālikiyyahis also particularly manifested at this time. That is to say, that Allah the Almighty acts with special and extraordinary power, and  it would seem to those people who are ignorant of the subtleties of Allah’s divine qualitythat they are witnessing the laws of nature  being broken. A poor and helpless person makes a claim in front of the world, and everyone opposes him. And yet, despite having noworldly resources, that person is successful. Likewise, there are many more similar instances where, through prayers and miracles, events happenwhich are witnessed by the world and which leave it bewildered. In fact, the very wisdom behind these events is that at the time when Allah the Almighty sets in motion any spiritual system, or lays down the foundation of any shariah, He especially manifests, not His attribute of Kingship, but that of His being the Master. That is to say, instead of His natural law, He begins to manifest His special law, which operates exclusively for the benefit of those whom He loves. And thus such events take place during this time that seem to be miraculous. In the time of every prophet, Allah has steadily manifested this to be His practice. And this sūrah[chapter] declares that the same thing  will  happen during the time of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his followers. Through extraordinary events, which seem to violate the law of nature, Allah the Almighty will help the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be on him and his followers. And thus this will be proof that this is the age of the establishment of the shariah, and that the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his followers, is the true Messenger of Allah the Almighty.

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time when good actions are performed, and of the time when sin is committed. Here, it is indicated that the world goes through two phases, one period in which both goodness and sin are found equally in the world. During this period, God Almighty’s natural law applies to the world. However, a time comes when sin and only sin become prevalent. At that time, Allah the Almighty manifests Himself as the Master, and tends to His garden and raises a prophet through whom a nation comes into being which becomes so righteous that it can be said of them that it is as if all of them are virtuous. At that time too, Allah the Almighty continues to help this nation through His special decree, till the time comes when their standard [of virtue] lowers and they become equally inclined towards both virtue and sinfulness. At this stage, God Almighty withdraws His special decree and begins to treat them in accordance with His natural law, until the time comes when the nation becomes utterly depraved. Then, again, Allah the Almighty, in accordance with His Practice, manifests His attribute of being the Master. Again a prophet is raised; again, sin is uprooted; again, a virtuous nation is created. And during all this time, the special decree, i.e., the power pertaining to His being the Master and His special intervention continue to be manifested until the time when that nation too falls from the highest degree of morality and the first cycle begins again. 

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of obedience, i.e., that very special law, which has been mentioned above and which applies to nations, Allah the Almighty applies to specific individuals as well. That is, if a person continues to spend his life in complete obedience to Allah the Almighty, then for him, too, He manifests His special power, and that person is not like ordinary people. Rather, Allah the Almighty manifests His special Power for his sake. 

Another meaning of this verse is that Allah the Almighty is the Master of the time of important situations. Here, it is indicated that every action in the world resembles a chain, in that it is not isolatedbut rather has several links [as in a chain]. When a person becomes sick, his or her illness is not the result of some mistake made on that [specific] day; likewise, if one is healthy, it is not because he exercised or ate well that [specific] day.  Thus, man’s actions produce two kinds of results: one kind of result is temporary and transitory, and the other kind is final and permanent. A careless person misuses his eyes, and they become sore. However, they are cured through treatment. Yet again he is careless, his eyes again become sore, and again he is treated and cured. Finally, one day, he loses his eyesight and medical treatment turns out to be useless. [Another such example is of] a hardworking student who revises his lesson for the following day, which pleases his teacher. The next day he again reviews his lesson and thus his teacher is pleased once again. These results directly follow his actions. In addition, his hard work will have a  positive effect on his mind and in addition to the knowledge he has acquired from books, he will have developed, through [the process of] memorizing his lessons,  an intelligence, and an ability tounderstand subtle distinctions in knowledge. This will, one day, make him someone that the world turns to and praises.These final effects come about in such a subtle way that even one’s acquaintances and friends do not notice it and cannot understand their cause.

Through this subject, Allah the Almighty has drawn our attention to the fact that ultimate and permanent success can only be gained through building a relationship with Allah the Almighty. Undoubtedly, man can acquire prestige and status by following the law of nature. However, the ultimate consequence, which results from the completion of the chain of actions, is the real valuable thing, especially that which, at the time of death, is manifested as belief since the life in the next world depends upon it.