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Science, Medicine and Technology The Existence of God

Beyond the World: God in the Age of Science

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Do you know what the most beautiful conversation in human history was? It was between the Prophet Muhammadsa and the man who would later become the first caliph of the Muslims: Abu Bakr the Truthfulra. He was a wealthy and respected merchant who had been travelling outside his hometown of Makkah, deep in the Arabian desert.

On his return, the chiefs of his city came to him laughing. They said his friend, Muhammadsa, had claimed to have received messages from God brought by angels. Abu Bakrra left the Arab chieftains. He rushed to the Prophetsa and asked him, ‘Have you made this claim?’ The Prophetsa would not give him a direct answer. He wanted to explain his claim and the circumstances surrounding it. But Abu Bakrra would have none of it: ‘Have you made this claim?’ Again the Prophetsa would not give him a straight answer. Once more Abu Bakrra asked, ‘Have you made this claim?’ Finally the Prophetsa relented, and said ‘Yes, I have made such a claim’. At this Abu Bakrra declared, ‘I bear witness that you are a messenger of God’. He said that had he heard any argument, it would have detracted from the quality of his faith.

Scientism

Faith. Today it is a dirty word. Its true meaning has become obscure, its connotations ridiculed by an intellectual elite that believes that the scientific method is the key to humanity’s salvation. Their position perhaps has some justification. The tremendous material progress that the scientific revolution has brought in recent centuries is plain for all to see. Our developments in medicine and technology are the result of this scientific inquiry, where we collect empirical data and test our hypotheses with experimentation. Its fruits have radically changed the way we live. But today science is being used not just as a tool to improve our quality of life, but as a weapon aimed directly at the heart of religion. The leading atheists of our time, such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, tend to be established scientists. They and their legion of devotees believe that mankind must yield to the power of modern science to liberate us from the shackles of ancient superstitions. Indeed, their missionary zeal has been noted to parallel religious fervour, with Science as their new god. As the prescient philosopher and mathematician David Berlinski has commented:

‘If nothing else, the attack on traditional religious thought marks the consolidation in our time of science as the single system of belief in which rational men and women might place their faith, and if not their faith, then certainly their devotion…And like any militant church, this one places a familiar demand before all others:

Thou shalt have no other gods before me.’1

God is not a physical entity, nor can He be limited by time, space or matter. Therefore, the scientific method is an inadequate tool to prove the existence or nonexistence of God.
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The followers of this philosophy, often known as ‘New Atheists,’ believe that it is fundamentally irrational to believe in a God whose existence is not proved by empirical evidence. They place the scientific method as the premier means by which we should discover the secrets of reality. For them, any truth not ratified by scientific consensus is no truth at all. Rather it is wishful thinking at best, and rank ignorance at worst.

The most common argument of the followers of this worldview, often dubbed ‘scientism,’ is that there is simply no evidence for God. By evidence, its proponents mean empirical evidence—data that acts as an objective representation of the physical reality around us. The existence of God is treated like any other hypothesis, and thus an equivalent standard of evidence is required of it. After all, New Atheists argue, if we are to spend our lives worshipping, loving, and fearing some being, His actual existence should be at least as well-established as our scientific theories of physics and chemistry. Subjective personal experiences will not do. What is needed is hard proof.

The Folly of New Atheism

At this, the modern theist is typically left on the back foot. No theist can point somewhere and declare ‘Look, there’s God, nor can they write an algebraic equation that solves for ‘God.’ However, while the request for evidence is well-founded, the demand for the type of evidence they want is completely unreasonable. If New Atheists want empirical evidence—direct physical proof of God’s existence—then in their blind zeal to uphold the name of science, they have forgotten its essence: that the method of investigation must suit the object in question. If we use the wrong method of investigation we will inevitably get the wrong kind of evidence, and our efforts will be in vain. To observe the inner workings of cells, a telescope won’t do. To assess earthquake activity, a Geiger counter will fall short. Our approach must be tailored to the object in question.

God is no thing. He is not a physical object, nor is he a compendium of physical things. Rather, he is taken to be the Creator and Sustainer of all physical things. It is obvious that the Creator of the universe cannot physically be the universe, for the transcendent cannot be held within the immanent—that which is by its nature beyond matter, energy, space and time cannot be confined within them. For such a being, searching for physical, empirical evidence is entirely inappropriate, and bound to lead to frustration and despair.

The Limits of Empirical Evidence

In this respect, God is not alone. Mainstream scientific consensus itself unwittingly confirms that a lack of direct empirical evidence for something does not invalidate its existence. For instance, physicists now believe that about 95% of the universe is completely hidden to us. It cannot be physically detected by any of our most sensitive instruments. Everything that we can see, feel and detect is just 5% of the universe. The rest is dark matter and dark energy. Its existence has only been deduced from its effect on what we can see and feel.

The Holy Qur’an clearly states that God is the light of the heavens and the earth, and also that God is closer to man than his jugular vein, which implies that He is not a physical entity.
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The data gathered from the stars is one thing, but the insight gathered from introspection is another. We are conscious beings—consciousness is the essence of our identities. And yet, has any scientist ever isolated a thought, feeling or a memory? The barest reflection will reveal that our conscious experience is of an altogether different nature to the electricity charted by brain scans, one not yet understood by the crude instruments of modern science.

Thus, be it dark matter and dark energy out there, or conscious reality in here, scientific thought accepts a whole host of significant things for which there is not a shred of direct empirical evidence. It seems that the more subtle something is, the more refined its substance, the less we can rely on our physical senses and empirical evidence to directly access it, and the more we must rely on measuring its effects. This furnishes us with valuable guidance in our search for God. God, if He exists, must be the most subtle of all things. He is the underlying reality of everything else, the rarefied essence of existence. If our best science cannot even detect 95% of the physical universe, does anyone really expect us to detect God?

The Holy Qur’an beautifully sums this up in one simple statement:

‘Eyes cannot reach Him, but He reaches the eyes. And He is the Most Subtle, the All-Aware.’2

Atheists such as Richard Dawkins insist that the concept of an All-Powerful Creator is absurd and when being asked what would persuade him to believe in God he replied: ‘Well, I’m starting to think nothing would.’
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Our physical senses cannot reach Him because He is the Most Subtle. However, unlike physical rarities like dark matter or dark energy, God is not dependent on our efforts to discover Him. We need not rely on merely speculative and inferential evidence to determine His existence. Rather, the Qur’an declares that God is well-aware of our need to know Him directly. Thus, ‘He reaches the eyes,’ that is, he reveals Himself through His own initiative, in the most appropriate way for mankind.

Thunderbolt, Now

What is the appropriate way? Even if New Atheists concede that God’s nature is such that His ‘essence’ should be beyond physical empirical verification, they could argue that God can still manifest himself much more obviously in the universe, i.e., by manipulating physical means. If He really is All-Powerful, then why doesn’t He reach us in such a way that would make it blindingly obvious He exists? For instance, every time an atheist affirms his disbelief, God could cause the heavens to reverberate with, ‘Dost Thou Doubt?! Whenever an atheist mockingly asked for a thunderbolt to strike him down dead, God could duly acquiesce. If God can do it, atheists ask, then what’s stopping Him?

To answer this, atheists must contemplate the rationale behind the system of God that religion presents. For while it is true that religion teaches that God is All-Powerful, it also states He is All-Wise. He would only choose that method of delivery for His message which would suit His purpose in creation.

Were God to reveal Himself in the manner which atheists demand, it would be contrary to His purpose. His purpose in creating us is not simply that we know He exists, but that we choose to know Him and thereby become deserving of a relationship. Were God’s existence as manifestly obvious as that of the sun or the moon, there would be no merit whatsoever in believing. Belief would become necessary for everyone, and we would have no chance to demonstrate our good trust in others, insight, and perseverance. The demonstration of these qualities earns God’s reward, and are only possible if the seeker of truth must work through a veil to reach the True Beloved.

‘Are they waiting for anything but that Allah should come to them in the coverings of the clouds with angels, and the matter be decided? And to Allah do all things return.’3

Any Hypothesis But God

Unfortunately, pointing out the wisdom of God is something that many atheists will close their ears to. The reality is that too many have set their heart on not believing, and would brush away any further evidence for God as easily as they have brushed away the current evidence. Take the example given above: God announcing His existence through a voice reverberating around the heavens. One would imagine that atheists would surely not be able to doubt that? Sadly, they would. The following is from leading atheist Richard Dawkins:

‘Interviewer: What would it take for you to believe in God?

Dawkins: I used to say it would be very simple. It would be the Second Coming of Jesus or a great, big, deep, booming, bass voice saying “I am God.” But I was persuaded…that even if there was this booming voice in the Second Coming with clouds of glory, the probable explanation is that it is a hallucination or a conjuring trick by David Copperfield…

Interviewer: So what would persuade you?

Dawkins: Well, I’m starting to think nothing would, which, in a way, goes against the grain, because I’ve always paid lip service to the view that a scientist should change his mind when evidence is forthcoming.’4

Dawkins, in this stunning moment of intellectual shamelessness, has typified the New Atheist mindset—they will not believe in God, because to them God cannot exist. Their emotional rejection of God blinds them to any consideration of the evidence. We see this already with the absurd denials of evident divine design in the fine-tuning of the universe, and the origin of life. The atheist scientific establishment have run away from the idea of conscious design towards absurd and unfalsifiable multiverse theories because, in the words of Mirza Tahir Ahmadrh, they are atheists first, and scientists after.’5 They have an undying faith in ungrounded materialistic explanations while ignoring the obvious interpretation of the facts in front of them. The Qur’an refers to this mindset when it says:

‘And even if We opened to them a door from heaven, and they began ascending through it, They would surely say, “Only our eyes are dazed; rather we are a bewitched people.”’ 6

The Essence of the Scientific Method

Pondering creation, one can only draw the conclusion that there should be a creator, but only through revelation can one know there is a creator.
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Thus far we have explored how the nature of God precludes the existence of physical evidence for Him. We have also seen that it would be contrary to God’s purpose and wisdom to expect crude material manifestations of Him. This leaves us with one question—what kind of evidence should we look for?

One answer is to look for evidence of divine design in the universe around us. This has been the mainstay of theistic apologists in the modern age. They ably point out that the findings of modern science necessitate the existence of an immaterial, timeless and conscious designer of the universe. These arguments are valid, and compelling. And yet, relying on such arguments alone falls short of the desired effect. If God has created us, then surely He has provided a better way to be certain of His existence than through intellectual arguments about the wonders of nature? Is there nothing more convincing, nothing more personal? Inferences from nature act only to make likely God’s existence, but they do not deliver us to Him. As Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas frequently wrote, they establish that God ‘should exist’, but they do not give us full certainty that God ‘does exist.’  They do not give us the satisfaction of heart we crave when it comes knowing God.

Nearly all religious scriptures agree that there exists a Creator who is All-Powerful and that He has spoken to people by sending special prophets and messengers.
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How can such certainty be attained? To discover this, we must turn to those who have claimed to have achieved it in the past. This is, after all, in keeping with the scientific method. In the world of science, when we seek evidence for a particular phenomenon, we seek the writings of those who have witnessed such evidence in the past, then replicate their methods ourselves so as to verify their results. The first step then must be to find the experts we seek.

Meet the Experts

History records a certain class of man that is exceptional in almost every way. They claimed to have contact with the Divine Spirit. They were renowned for their wisdom and sagacity by their societies. They championed the cause of the poor and the needy, and inspired the rich to shed their wealth for their downtrodden brethren. They taught worldly abstinence and moral restraint, and yet they and their followers became the architects and rejuvenators of the world’s greatest civilisations. Their names became sacrosanct among their people, and be they Muhammadsa in Arabia, Mosesas and Jesusas among the Jewish people, Confuciusas and his preceptors in China, Krishnaas or Buddhaas in Indian spirituality, Socrates in the Greek Western tradition, or countless others around the world—peace be upon them all—they remain the most celebrated individuals in human history to this day.

The messages of these men are strikingly similar in their earliest texts, though sometimes diverging with interpretation and interpolation centuries later. Even so, a core is invariably kept preserved—belief in a Universal Spirit with whom man could have contact through prayer, and whose love is irrigated by the water of good deeds. As such, the concept of God has been found with surprising regularity in cultures and continents separated from each other in time, space and language. Be it the Great Spirit among the Native Americans, High God among the Aboriginal Australians, Heaven in Confucian philosophy, Yahweh or Allah in Judaeo-Islamic theology, Is’ana in Buddhism, or many other names too numerous to recount, God is everywhere in the history of human thought.

The Holy Qur’an declares that all these spiritual sages were prophets, sent by God to reform their own people. In this sense, it is the most universal of all major religions, unifying previously separate streams into one mighty current of history.

‘And we did raise among every people a Messenger with the teaching, “Worship God and Shun the Evil One.”’7

So what method is generally taught by the world’s major religions with regards to coming into contact with the Creator? Is it to test God by petulantly demanding thunderbolts? Is it to look for God’s name spelt out among the stars? Is it to wait for God to send down volumes of contemporary scientific thought? No. It is to pray with humility and perseverance, and to do good unto others. Expecting to develop cognisance of God without undergoing these efforts is to betray insincerity in the search for the Creator, for it stands in opposition to those who have trod this path before us.

From Faith to Certainty

The first step in this well-trodden path is to have faith. Having faith does not mean to have blind faith in illogical teachings. After all, the same God Who gave us our minds cannot have given us religious teachings that these same minds find repellent. Rather, faith in the Islamic conception is to have trust in the messengers and sages who claim divine revelation from One God, on account of their righteous character. It is no coincidence that prophets were known as paragons of virtue in their time, so much so that their names have become bywords for honesty and integrity among their people. According to Islam, God chose these honest men to bear his message so that discerning seekers of truth would not discard their claims out of hand. As The Holy Qur’an recounts the prophets saying,

‘I have indeed lived among you a whole lifetime before this. Will you not then understand?’8

Having faith does not mean to follow something blindly. In fact The Holy Qur’an urges readers to ponder over the signs of God visible throughout creation.
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The strength of this argument was confirmed by Heraclius, the Roman Caesar in the time of the Prophet Muhammadsa. The Prophetsa had sent a letter to Heraclius inviting him to the faith of Islam. To find out more, Heraclius summoned an Arab chieftain passing nearby. The chieftain was a staunch enemy of Islam, but when asked directly if Muhammadsa had ever been known to tell a lie before this claim, the chieftain affirmed that he had not. When the conversation concluded, Heraclius affirmed the likely truth of the Prophet, insightfully remarking,

He who does not lie about men will not lie about God.’9

The invitation to believe in a particular spiritual path from one who is known to be truthful and virtuous acts as a crucible for the mettle of our character. To believe in these prophets and trust in their righteous character requires true humility and open-mindedness. Nowhere was this demonstrated better than by Abu Bakrra, who declared faith in the Prophet Muhammadsa without hearing any argument. The reality was that he did not require an argument because he already had an argument—the truthfulness of this man whose integrity was renowned among his people. He took this as his cornerstone, and accepted with the utmost humility that his limited knowledge was not all-encompassing; that there may well be something that currently lies beyond the breadth of his own experience. From this foundation, Abu Bakrra scaled the heights of spiritual certainty, and became the most Godly of the early followers of the Prophet Muhammadsa.

His case clearly demonstrates how God does not leave the sincere followers of a prophet in the dark. Though God veils Himself from the physical senses, He reveals Himself to the spiritual senses of believers. Whereas our physical senses can be deceived by illusionists and charlatans, our spiritual senses lie dormant within us for our entire lives. When the divine flame kindles the wick of our spiritual senses, there is no mistaking the authenticity of the experiences they produce, for they are entirely novel. Spiritual contact therefore is the appropriate and wise way for God to contact us, rather than through trivial physical phenomena which can be passed off as tricks and illusion. When, for instance, believers begin to have true dreams, visions and revelations, their unique character is such they cannot be dismissed as the mere whispers of a hopeful psyche. Then, their prayers begin to be answered with such regularity and strength that it becomes a dependable feature of their lives, far exceeding the threshold of coincidence.

This process of spiritual nearness to God is a gradual one, and evolves as our devotion enhances. But by treading the path of the prophets, each and every one of us can progress from the initial foundation of faith to the sure platform of certainty.

Indeed, such a certainty far exceeds the certainty we have regarding our scientific theories, for they bring us direct personal experience of the object of our search. In this sense, spiritual investigation not only matches, but far exceeds scientific investigation in the calibre of evidence it can provide. And unlike scientific investigation, its fruits give us lasting spiritual contentment, both in this life, and the next.

Although God Almighty is veiled from physical sight, He never abandons His followers so long as they search for Him. In The Holy Qur’an God has stated: ‘And when My servants ask thee about Me, say: “I am near. I answer the prayer of the supplicant when he prays to Me.”’
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In the words of His Holiness Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas, the Promised Messiah and founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community:

The Word of God directs us: Have faith and you will be delivered. It does not tell us: Demand philosophical reasons and conclusive proofs in support of the doctrines that the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) has presented to you, and do not accept them until they are established like mathematical formulae. It is obvious that if the teaching of a prophet is to be accepted only after being tested by the canons of current knowledge, that would not be faith in the prophet; inasmuch as every verity when it is established clearly, becomes binding, whether it is set forth by a prophet or by anyone else. Even if expounded by a vicious person it has to be accepted. That which we would accept by putting our trust in a prophet, and by affirming his righteousness, must be of a nature which possesses a probability of truth in the estimation of reason and yet leaves room for a foolish person to incline towards its rejection as false; so that by taking the side of truth and affirming the righteousness of a prophet we may be rewarded for our well-thinking, penetrating intelligence, respectfulness and faith. This is the purport of the teaching of the Holy Qur’an that we have set forth.

But thinkers and philosophers have never followed this way and have always been heedless of faith. They have always been in search of the kind of knowledge which is demonstrated to them as being immediate, incontrovertible and certain.

It should be remembered that God Almighty, by demanding faith in the unseen, does not wish to deprive the believers of certainty of understanding the Divine. Indeed, faith is a ladder for arriving at this certainty of understanding, without which it is in vain to seek true understanding. Those who climb this ladder surely experience for themselves the pure and undefiled spiritual verities. When a sincere believer accepts Divine commands and directions for the only reason that God Almighty has bestowed them upon him through a righteous bearer, he becomes deserving of the bounty of understanding. That is why God Almighty has established a law for His servants that they should first acknowledge Him by believing in the unseen, so that all the problems they face may be resolved through the bounty of true understanding. But it is a pity that a hasty one does not adopt these ways. The Holy Qur’an contains the promise of God Almighty that if a person, who accepts the call of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) on the basis of faith, seeks to comprehend its reality and strives after such comprehension, the reality will be disclosed to him by means of visions and revelations and his faith will be elevated to the stage of the understanding.10

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About the Author: Umar Nasser is a junior doctor working in the West Midlands. He is currently serving in the National Outreach Department of the UK Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, coordinating in particular efforts to respond to atheist criticisms of religion. He is co-founder of the website www.RationalReligion.co.uk and its associated YouTube channel, on which he co-hosts a regular talk show discussing the existence of God.

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Endnotes

1. David Berlinksi,  The Devil’s Delusion (2010).
2. The Holy Qur’an, 6:104.
3.  The Holy Qur’an, 2:211.
4. “Richard Dawkins in conversation with Peter Boghossian”, October 11, YouTube video, 53:12, Posted Oct 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNcC866sm7s&feature=youtu.be&t=751.
5. Mirza Tahir Ahmadra, Revelation, Rationality Knowledge and Truth (Surrey: Islam International Publications, 1998).
6. The Holy Qur’an, 15:16.
7. The Holy Qur’an, 16:37.
8. The Holy Qur’an, 10:17.
9 .Sahih Al-Bukhari, Vol. 1, Book 1, Hadith 6.
10. Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas, The Essence of Islam, Vol. 2 (Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications), 48-50.