The Promised Messiah and Mahdi, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) of Qadian (1835-1908)
Raziullah Noman, Canada
وأوْعدَني قومٌ لقتلي مِن العدا
فأدركَهُم قهْرُ المليك وخُسِّروا
Some of my enemies vowed to kill me;
Therefore, they were overtaken by the wrath of the Sovereign Lord and became losers. [1]
One of the most important signs for the truthfulness of a prophet is that Allah the Almighty continues to support him and grants him success over the disbelievers. As for those who falsely attribute revelation to Allah the Almighty, they are destroyed in this world. Hazrat Muhammad (sa) is the most truthful from all of mankind and he (sa) was granted a life of twenty-three years after he claimed that Allah the Almighty had spoken to him. Therefore, a person who falsely claims to receive revelations and claims that he is a prophet, cannot live as long as the Prophet (sa) did after making his claim.
There are many verses of the Qur’an which speak of false claimants being destroyed. Anyone who denies this, denies the authenticity of the Holy Qur’an.
Allah the Almighty States:
وَإِنْ يَكُ كَاذِبًا فَعَلَيْهِ كَذِبُهُ
‘And if he be a liar, on him will be the sin of his lie’ [2]
Allah the Almighty then states:
وَقَدْ خَابَ مَنِ افْتَرَىٰ
‘And surely, he who forges a lie shall perish’ [3]
He then states:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللهِ الْكَذِبَ لَا يُفْلِحُونَ
‘Surely, those who forge a lie against Allah do not prosper’ [4]
Then regarding such transgressors, Allah the Almighty states:
فَبَدَّلَ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا قَوْلًا غَيْرَ الَّذِي قِيلَ لَهُمْ فَأَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا رِجْزًا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْسُقُونَ
‘The transgressors changed it for a word other than that which was said to them. So We Sent down upon the transgressors a punishment from heaven’ [5]
The verse that this article will focus on is from Surah al-Haqqah (69th chapter of the Holy Qur’an) from which it is derived that a false claimant would not surpass a life of 23 years after he makes a claim to having divine communion with Allah the Almighty. Allah states:
وَلَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا بَعْضَ الْأَقَاوِيلِ لَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُ بِالْيَمِينِ ثُمَّ لَقَطَعْنَا مِنْهُ الْوَتِينَ فَمَا مِنْكُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ عَنْهُ حَاجِزِينَ
‘And if he had forged and attributed sayings to Us, We would surely have seized him by the right hand, And then surely We would have severed his life artery. And not one of you could have held Us off from him’ [6]
From this, we make the claim that from the beginning of creation there has been no false claimant to prophethood who was given respite for more than 23 years. Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) challenged his opponents on this and promised them a reward of 500 rupees if they can produce a single name who made a false claim to prophethood and was granted such a long life.
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) stated:
‘It is for this reason that I have made this public announcement together with an offer of five hundred rupees as an award for the citation of a single instance to the contrary, and I am prepared to deposit this amount in any government bank in advance. If Hafiz Muhammad Yusuf Sahib and those who think like him, whose names I have mentioned in this announcement, will cite an instance with adequate proof in accordance with the Holy Qur’an, in which a person who falsely claimed to be a Prophet or a Messenger or a commissioned one of God, continued to publish his alleged revelations for more than twenty-three years, I shall pay such a person the sum of five hundred rupees in cash. They will be at liberty to cite such an instance from anywhere in the world within a fortnight of the publication of this announcement.’ [7]
From the verses of Surah al-Haqqah, we see that there are some conditions which must be fulfilled for the person to be included in this verse:
a) He must be sane. He should not be a madman. The reason for this is that Allah the Almighty Uses تَقَوَّلَ (Taqawwala) which means that the person is intentionally and repeatedly lying against Allah the Almighty.
b) He must believe in revelation and believe that his revelation is from Allah. He cannot attribute this revelation to any other false God. Allah sets this rule for those who lie against Him only. بَعْضَ الْأَقَاوِيلِ (ba`dhul aqaweel) also means that he must attribute these statements to Allah.
c) The claimant should publicly announce his revelations and not hide them. He must speak on his own behalf. The word تَقَوَّلَ shows that he himself must make these claims. فَمَامِنْكُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ عَنْهُ حَاجِزِين meaning, And not one of you could have held Us off from him, also shows that the person should have other people with him.
d) This person cannot claim to be Allah, rather must believe in Allah as a separate entity. This is proven from the word عَلَيْنَا meaning the claimant must attribute his revelations to Allah.
As for those who claim to be God, their punishment is in the hereafter. Allah States:
وَمَنْ يَقُلْ مِنْهُمْ إِنِّي إِلٰهٌ مِنْ دُونِهِ فَذٰلِكَ نَجْزِيهِ جَهَنَّمَ ۚ كَذٰلِكَ نَجْزِي الظَّالِمِينَ
And whosoever of them should say, ‘I am a God beside Him,’ him shall We requite with Hell. Thus do We requite the wrongdoers. [8]
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) claimed that Allah spoke to him and was publishing his revelations since the writing of Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya and had revelations even before that. Some of his revelations are from 1865, which show us that he surpassed 40 years after claiming revelation.
Some raise the contention that Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) claimed to be a Prophet in 1901. Firstly, in this verse, Allah does not say that this rule only applies to prophets. This verse applies to everyone who claims that Allah has revealed to him. Even if we were to say that this verse only refers to prophets, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) wrote in Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya Part III that Allah revealed to him:
هُوَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدٰى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ
‘Allah is the God who has sent His Messenger and His Appointed one with guidance and the True faith so that He should make this faith prevail over all diverse faiths’ [9]
It is recorded that this revelation is from March 1882. According to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) was a prophet of God when this revelation was received by him. Wherever he denied being a prophet, his denial was merely of being a law bearing prophet. He only denied prophethood in accordance with the definition held by the non-Ahmadi Muslims.
InSharah al-Aqaid al-Nasafiyya, which is an accepted book of the Sunni Muslims, it is written:
فان العقل يجزم بامتناع اجتماع هذه الأمور فى غير الأنبياء، وأن يجمع الله هذه الكمالات فى حق من يعلم أنه يفترى عليه، ثم يمهله ثلاثا وعشرين سنة
‘Verily, intellect makes it impossible that all of these things are gathered in a person who is not a prophet, and that Allah the Almighty Grants these qualities and excellences to one whom He Knows attributes falsehood towards him, and then Grants him respite for twenty-three years’ [10]
Regarding the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa), it is narrated by Hazrat Ibn Abbas (ra):
بُعِثَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لأَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً، فَمَكُثَ بِمَكَّةَ ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً يُوحَى إِلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ أُمِرَ بِالْهِجْرَةِ فَهَاجَرَ عَشْرَ سِنِينَ، وَمَاتَ وَهُوَ ابْنُ ثَلاَثٍ وَسِتِّينَ
‘Allah’s Messenger (sa) was commissioned as a prophet of God at the age of forty. After this, he remained in Makkah for thirteen years, and during this time he continued receiving Divine revelation. Then he was commanded (by God) to migrate, and lived as a migrant for ten years. And then he passed away at the age of sixty-three years.’ [11]
Then in the commentary of Sharah al-Aqaid al-Nasafiyya called an-Nibras, it is written:
فَاِنَّ النَّبِیَّ صَلَّی الله عليهِ وَ اٰله وَسَلَّمَ بُعِثَ وَعُمْرُه اَرْبَعُوْنَ سَنة وَتُوُفِّیْ وَ عُمْرُہٗ ثَلَاثة وَ سِتُّوْنَ سَنة
Meaning, that the Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa) was raised as a prophet when he was forty years of age and passed away when he was 63 years of age. This is the view of all Muslims. [12]
After this, it is written:
وَقَدْ اِدَّعٰی بَعْضُ الْکَذّٰبِیْنَ النُّبُوَّۃ کَمُسَیْلَمة الْیَمَامِیْ وَالْاَسْوَدِ الْعَنْسِیْ وَ سَجَّاحِ الْکَاھنة فَقُتِلَ بَعْضُھمْ وَتَابَ بَعْضُھمْ وَبِالْجُمْلة لَمْ یَنْتَظِمْ اَمْرُالْکَاذِبِ فِی النُّبُوَّۃ اِلَّا اَیَّامًا مَعْدُوْدَاتٍ
‘Some liars made claims to Prophethood, like Musailamah of Yamamah, Aswad al-Ansi and Sajjah the sorcerer. Some of them were killed and others repented. And with no exception, a false claimant to Prophethood does not live except a short time’ [13]
One of the most famous Muslim scholars in the history of Islam, Imam Ibn Qayyim (rh) also presented this very same criterion to prove the truthfulness of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa) to the Christians. He writes:
وَهُوَ مُسْتَمِرٌّ فِي الِافْتِرَاءِ عَلَيْهِ ثَلَاثًا وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً، وَهُوَ مَعَ ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ يُؤَيِّدُهُ وَيَنْصُرُهُ
‘How is it possible that a person attributes false revelations to Allah for twenty-three years, and despite this, Allah the Almighty Continues to Support him and Help him’ [14]
He then writes:
وَنَحْنُ لَا نُنْكِرُ أَنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنَ الْكَذَّابِينَ قَامَ فِي الْوُجُودِ، وَظَهَرَتْ لَهُ شَوْكَةٌ، وَلَكِنْ لَمْ يَتِمَّ لَهُ أَمْرُهُ، وَلَمْ تَطُلْ مُدَّتُهُ، بَلْ سَلَّطَ عَلَيْهِ رُسُلَهُ وَأَتْبَاعَهُمْ فَمَحَقُوا أَثَرَهُ، وَقَطَعُوا دَابِرَهُ، وَاسْتَأْصَلُوا شَأْفَتَهُ. هَذِهِ سُنَّتُهُ فِي عِبَادِهِ مُنْذُ قَامَتِ الدُّنْيَا وَإِلَى أَنْ يَرِثَ الْأَرْضَ وَمَنْ عَلَيْهَا
‘We do not deny this fact that many false claimants to prophethood stood up and they gained power and fame. However, they never achieved their purpose. Nor were they granted a long respite. Rather, Allah the Almighty Sent his angels with power over them and they erased their traces and they uprooted their entire foundations. This is the way of Allah regarding his servants since the beginning of the world and this law will remain till the end of the earth and its inhabitants’ [15]
The Sunni Muslim Qur’an commentators have also said the exact same regarding the false claimants to prophethood.
Imam Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari writes:
وَإِنَّمَا يَعْنِي بِذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يُعَاجِلُهُ بِالْعُقُوبَةِ، وَلَا يُؤَخِّرُهُ بِهَا
‘Allah punishes the false claimants quickly and does not postpone the punishment for them’ [16]
Allamah Fakhruddin al-Razi, writes in his famous commentary, Tafsir al-Kabeer:
وَهَذَا ذَكَرَهُ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّمْثِيلِ بِمَا يَفْعَلُهُ الْمُلُوكُ بِمَنْ يَتَكَذَّبُ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَإِنَّهُمْ لَا يُمْهِلُونَهُ
‘Regarding what Allah Said that if a liar fabricates revelation, then we will cut his life artery, it is given as an example just as the kings react to those who falsely attribute themselves to him. They grant them no respite.’ [17]
He then writes:
وَهَذَا هُوَ الْوَاجِبُ فِي حِكْمَةِ اللهِ تَعَالٰى لِئَلَّا يَشْتَبِهَ الصَّادِقُ بِالْكَاذِبِ
‘Liars must be destroyed in accordance with the wisdom of Allah, so that the truthful does not resemble the liar’ [18]
Imam Zamakshari also gives the same example and states:
كما يفعل الملوك بمن يتكذب عليهم معاجلة بالسخط والانتقام
‘Just as the kings do towards those who lie against them. They punish them with anger and vengeance’ [19]
Imam Ibn Kathir says:
يقول تعالى { وَلَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا } أي محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، لو كان كما يزعمون مفترياً علينا، فزاد في الرسالة، أو نقص منها، أو قال شيئاً من عنده، فنسبه إلينا، وليس كذلك، لعاجلناه بالعقوبة
‘And if he had forged a false saying concerning Us, meaning, if Muhammad forged something against Us, as they claim, and added or removed anything from the Message, or said anything from himself while attributing it to Us, then We would surely be swift in punishing him ‘[20]
This commentary shows us that although Ibn Kathir mentioned the Prophet Muhammad (sa), he also agreed that one who attributes lies against Allah would be punished.
One of the biggest opponents of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as), Maulvi Sanaullah of Amritsar writes:
نظام عالم میں جہاں اور قوانین الٰہی ہیں وہاں یہ بھی ہےکہ کاذب مدعیٔ نبوت کو سر سبزی نہیں ہوتی بلکہ وہ جان سے مارا جاتا ہے۔
‘One of the laws of order set out by Allah the Almighty, is that a false claimant to prophethood can never succeed, rather he is made to die’ [21]
He then writes:
واقعات گذشتہ سے بھی اس امر کا ثبوت ملتا ہے کہ خدا نے کبھی کسی جھوٹے نبی کو سرسبزی نہیں دکھائی۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ دنیا میں باوجود غیر متناہی مذاہب ہونے کے جھوٹے نبی کی امت کا ثبوت مخالف بھی نہیں بتلاسکتے۔…… مسیلمہ کذاب اور اسود عنسی نے…… دعویٰ نبوت کئے اور خدا پر کیسے کیسے جھوٹ باندھے، لیکن آخر کار خدا کے زبردست قانون کے نیچے آکر کچلے گئے ……تھوڑے دنوں میں بہت کچھ ترقی کر چکے تھے۔
‘If we look at the past events of history, we find proof that Allah the Almighty never lets false claimants to prophethood succeed. This is the reason for why we see countless of religions in the world, but even the opponents cannot show us the followers of a false prophet…Musailmah Kazzab and Aswad Ansi…were two people who falsely claimed prophethood and attributed countless lies against Allah the Almighty. However, in the end, they fell under the Law of Allah… and they gained success in a few days but were ruined in the end’ [22]
He also states:
دعویٰ نبوتکاذبہمثلزہرکےہے۔ جوکوئیزہرکھائےگاہلاکہوگا۔
‘A false claimant to prophethood is like the example of poison. Whoever eats poison will be destroyed’ [23]
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) states:
‘Purely by way of advice, and for the sake of Allah, I tell the opposing clerics and their soul mates, that abuse and vilification is not the way of decency. If this be your disposition, then so be it. But if you consider me false in my claim, you also have the option to come together in your mosques and pray to God for my ruin, or you can do the same individually. If I am false in my claim, your prayers are bound to be heard. Indeed, you have been praying against me already. But remember, even if you continue to pray thus until your tongues are bruised, and you go on bewailing in your prostrations until your noses are rubbed out, and your tears wipe out your eyelashes, and the weeping reduces your vision, and your brains are so affected that you begin to suffer from epilepsy or melancholia, still your prayers will not be heard; for I have come from God, and anyone who curses me will himself be afflicted with such a curse, though he may not be aware of it. He who enters into a prayer duel with me and supplicates that the one among us who is false may die in the lifetime of the other, will come to the same end which overtook Ghulam Dastgir of Qasur….’ [24]
Some say this only refers to the Holy Prophet Muhammad (sa). If this was the case, why did the scholars use this argument to prove the truthfulness of the Prophet Muhammad (sa)? They used it as a sign for the truthfulness of a claimant to Prophethood.
Regarding this, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) quotes the following verse and explains:
وَلَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا بَعْضَ الْأَقَاوِيلِ لَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُ بِالْيَمِينِ ثُمَّ لَقَطَعْنَا مِنْهُ الْوَتِينَ فَمَا مِنْكُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ عَنْهُحَاجِزِينَ
Meaning that, had this Prophet falsely attributed any sayings to Us, We would have seized him by the right hand and severed that vein which is his life-vein [i.e. jugular vein]. Although this verse has been revealed regarding the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, it is of general application, quite like the idiom of the entire Holy Quran where most of the commands and prohibitions are apparently addressed to the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, but others are also addressed in these commandments, or such commandments are exclusively meant for others as is this verse:
فَلَا تَقُلْ لَهُمَا أُفٍّ وَلَا تَنْهَرْهُمَا وَقُلْ لَهُمَا قَوْلًا كَرِيمًا
Meaning that, never say unto your parents any word expressive of ennui, and do not say to them such things as lack regard for their esteem. The addressee of this verse is the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, but this commandment is, in fact, directed toward the Ummah, because the father and the mother of the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, had passed away when he was very young. This commandment also contains a point to ponder, namely, that a sensible person can appreciate from this verse that if this commandment is addressed to the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, admonishing him to respect his parents and pay due regard to their exalted station in all conversation, how much respect others need to show towards their parents. This is what another verse points to:
وَقَضَىٰ رَبُّكَ أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا إِيَّاهُ وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا
Meaning that, your Lord has ordained that you should worship only Him and show benevolence towards parents. In this verse, the idolaters who worship idols are admonished thus: ‘Idols are nothing and idols have done no favour to you; they did not create you, nor did they provide for you in your tender age.’ Had God permitted the worship of anyone other than Himself, He would have enjoined that you should worship parents too; for, figuratively speaking, they are also sustainers, and everyone — even beasts and grazing animals — protect their offspring in their tender years. Thus, after God’s sustaining Lordship, they also play their role in nurturing, and this impulse to nurture, again, is from God.
After this short digression, let me turn to the main subject. God says about the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, that, had he lied against Us, We would have destroyed him. This does not mean that God has expressed His jealousy only with reference to the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, in that were he an impostor, God would have destroyed him; but His jealousy is not roused in the case of others no matter how much they lie against God or concoct false revelations and ascribe them to God. Such a concept is as irrational as it is against all of God’s scriptures. The Torah still contains the sentence that whoever lies against God and makes a false claim to Prophethood shall be destroyed. Besides, Muslim scholars have long been quoting the verse لَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا before the Christians and the Jews as evidence of the veracity of the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. It is obvious that an argument is of no use unless it has a general application. How can this be an argument that had the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, fabricated [against God], he would have been destroyed and the whole undertaking would have come to naught, but God is not offended if someone else fabricates [against Him]; rather, He loves such a person and grants him respite more than He did to the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and even helps and supports him! This should not be called an argument. Rather, it is a claim which itself stands in need of an argument.
‘Alas! In opposing me, they have stooped so low as to attack even the Signs of the veracity of the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. Since these people know that more than twenty-five years have elapsed since my claim of being a recipient of divine revelation and inspiration, which exceeds even the tenure of ministry of the Holy Prophet, may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, as that was twenty-three years; while, in my case, it is close to thirty years and I do not know how long the extent of my period of call is in the knowledge of God. This is why these people, despite being hailed as maulawis, assert that one who lies against God and is a false claimant of revelation can even survive for as long as thirty years from the beginning of his fabrication and that God can help and support him, and yet they do not produce any precedent for it.
O impertinent people! Remember, lying is akin to eating dung. The way God has treated me with His grace and kindness is so much so that during this lengthy periodof time, each day was a day of progress for me, and in every lawsuit that was filed to ruin me, God disgraced my enemies. Do produce, if you have any precedent of such [divine] support and succour over such a period of time. Otherwise, in keeping with the verse لَوْ تَقَوَّلَ عَلَيْنَا the fulfilment of this sign has been proven and you will be called to account about it.’ [25]
We end this article with a faith-inspiring incident. There was a maulvi (cleric) of Ludhiana, who was standing in a market and was advising others with a lot of passion, saying that the Promised Messiah (as) is a disbeliever and how he (as) is harming other Muslims. The maulvi then said that anyone who kills him, will gain a lot of reward and go straight to paradise. The maulvi continued to repeat this. One of the countrymen was inspired by this speech and went to the house of the Promised Messiah (as). Coincidentally, Hazur (as) was giving a speech during this time. There were some followers and some who had not yet accepted Ahmadiyyat as well. The countryman also entered the room and was preparing to fulfill his mission. The Promised Messiah (as) did not pay attention to him and continued his speech. He also began to listen. The speech began to have a great affect on the heart of the countryman. The stick which he brought to attack Hazur (as) suddenly fell to the ground. He continued to listen to the speech until the speech ended. Then another person from the meeting said that he has understood the claims of Hazur (as) and wants to accept him. At this, the countryman stood up and said I came here after the advice of a maulvi who influenced me. He said that I would go to paradise if I was to kill you but after hearing your speech, I have understood that you are truthful and everything you say is true. I also want to become your follower. Hazur (as) then accepted his pledge of allegiance. [26]
وإنْ يأتِني الأعداءُ بالسيف والقَنا
فواللهِ إني أُحْفَظَنَّ وأُظْفَرُ
If my enemies should come up to me armed with swords and spears,
I will, I swear by God, be safeguarded and granted victory [27]
ENDNOTES
[1] The Miracle of Ahmad, Page 131
[2] The Holy Qur’an 40:29
[3] The Holy Qur’an 20:62
[4] The Holy Qur’an 16:117
[5] The Holy Qur’an 2:60
[6] The Holy Qur’an 69:45-48
[7] Arabain, No. III, Ruhani Khazain, Volume 17, Pages 401-402
[8] Holy Qur’an 21:30
[9] Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya Part 3, Page 207
[10] Sharah al-Aqaid al-Nasafiyya. Volume 1, Page 88
[11] Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Merits of the Helpers in Madinah, Hadith #3902
[12] Sharah al-Aqaid al-Nasafiyya, Sharah Nabraas, Page 444
[13] Sharah al-Aqaid al-Nasafiyya, Sharah Nabraas, Page 444
[14] Za’d al-Ma’ad Volume 1, Page 257
[15] Za’d al-Ma’ad Volume 1, Page 257
[16] Tafsir Ibn Jarir, Volume 23, Page 243
[17] Tafsir al-Kabeer, Volume 30, Page 634
[18] Tafsir al-Kabeer, Volume 30, Page 634
[19] Tafsir al-Kashaf, Volume 4, Page 607
[20] Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Volume 8, Page 218
[21] Introduction to Tafsir Thanai, Page 17
[22] Introduction to Tafsir Thanai, Page 17
[23] Introduction to Tafsir Thanai, Page 17
[24] Arba’in No.4, Ruhani Khazain, Volume 17, Pages 471-472
[25] Haqiqatul Wahi, Pages 259-262
[26] Zikre-Habib, Pages 11-12
[27] Ijaz-e-Ahmadi, Page 131
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